margalog

meta tag가 갑자기 생각나서 정리해 둠

<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=euc-kr" /> :웹문서의 언어를 설정 (euc-kr)
<meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />    :웹문서의 언어를 설정 (utf-8)
<meta http-equiv="imagetoolbar" content="no" /> :그림위에 마우스 오버시 이미지 관련 툴바가 생기지 않음
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0; url=http://이동주소" /> :0초후 해당 페이지이동
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="60" /> :60초마다 새로고침
<meta http-equiv="pragma" content="no-cache" />  : 캐쉬에서 해당페이지 읽어들이는 걸 방지

<meta name="subject" content="홈페이지주제" />
<meta name="title" content="홈페이지이름" />
<meta name="description" content="홈페이지 설명" />
<meta name="keywords" content="홈페이지 키워드" />
<meta name="author" content="홈페이지 주인 or 작성자" />
<meta name="publisher" content="만든단체나회사" />
<meta name="other Agent" content="웹책임자" />
<meta name="classification" content="카테고리위치(분류)" />
<meta name="generator" content="홈페이지 제작도구" />
<meta name="reply-to" content="메일주소" />
<meta name="filename" content="파일이름" />
<meta name="author-date" content="제작일" /> 
<meta name="location" content="홈페이지 위치(소속국가)" />
<meta name="distribution" content="배포자" />
<meta name="copyright" content="저작권" />
<meta NAME="content-language" content="kr" /> : 기술된 언어

메타태그의 검색로봇 관련
<meta name="robots" content="all" />                        : 로봇 검색을 허가함
<meta name="robots" content="none" />                    : 로봇 검색을 허가하지 않음
<meta name="robots" content="index,follow" />          : 이 문서도 긁어가고 링크된 문서도 긁어감.
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,follow" />       : 이 문서는 긁어가지 말고 링크된 문서만 긁어감.
<meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow" />       : 이 문서는 긁어가되, 링크는 무시함.
<meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow" />   : 이 문서도 긁지 않고, 링크도 무시함.

@charset "utf-8";
/* 반드시 들어가야 하는 스타일 시작 */
/* 1. 본문 전체  */
body{
    font: 12px/1.5 Dotum, Verdana, AppleGothic, Sans-serif;
    padding:20px 0;    
    color : #666;    
    background:/*@background-image=url(images/bg.gif)*/ url("images/bg.gif") /*@*/;
    /*@background-image-position=background-position:;*/ background-position: ; /*@*/
    /*@background-image-repeat=background-repeat:;*/ background-repeat: no-repeat; /*@*/
    background-color:/*@background-color=#ddd*/ #ddd /*@*/;
}
/* 2. 기본 링크 */
    a:link {
        text-decoration: none;
        color : #369;
    }
    a:visited {
        text-decoration: none;    
        color : #369;
    }
    a:hover {
        text-decoration: underline;    
        color : #666;
    }
    a:active {
        text-decoration: none;    
        color : #666;
    }    
/* 3. 이미지 */
    img {
        border-width: 0px;
    }
/* 4. 이미지 버튼 */
    .ib {
        cursor: pointer;
    }
/* 5. 입력 텍스트 */
    .text {
    border:1px solid #999;
    }
/* 6. 트리 테이블 */
    .branch2 {
    }
/* 7. 트리 셀 */
    .branch3 {
        cursor: pointer;
        height: 10px;
    }
/* 8. 달력 월 표시 */
    .cal_month {
        font-size : 11px;
        height: 18px;
    }
/* 9. 달력 요일 표시 */
    .cal_week1 {
        font-size : 11px;
        height:18px;
    }
/* 10. 달력 일요일 표시 */
    .cal_week2 {
        color: #f30;
        font-size:12px;
        text-align: center;
    }
/* 11. 달력 지난 달 날짜 표시 */
    .cal_day1 {
        color: #000;
        font-size:12px;
        text-align:center;
    }
/* 12. 달력 다음 달 날짜 표시 */
    .cal_day2 {
        color: #000;
        font-size : 11px;
        text-align: center;
    }
/* 13. 달력 이번 달 날짜 표시 */
    .cal_day3 {
        font-size : 11px;
        text-align: center;
    }
/* 14. 달력 오늘 날짜 표시 */
    .cal_day4 {
        text-align: center;
        font-size : 11px;
        background-color:#ccc;
        font-weight:bold;
    }
/* 15. 달력 글쓴 날 링크 스타일 */
    a.cal_click:link {
        font-weight: bold;
        color : #333;
    }
    a.cal_click:visited {
        font-weight: bold;
        color : #333;
    }
    a.cal_click:hover {
        font-weight: bold;
        color : #369;
    }
/* 16. 이미지 아래 캡션 스타일 */
    .cap1 {
        color: #876;
        text-align: center;
    }
/* 16. 키워드 스타일 */
    .key1 {
        cursor: pointer;
        border-bottom: 1px dotted #ccc;
    }
/* 16. 카테고리 옆 개수 스타일 */
    .c_cnt {
        font:9px Tahoma;
        color : #999;
    }
/* 17. 최신글 옆 개수 스타일 */
    .ps_cnt {
        font:10px Tahoma;
        color : #999;
    }

/* 반드시 들어가야하는 스타일 끝 - 이 아래는 자유롭게 추가, 삭제 가능 */
hr {
display:none;
}    
/* Structured */
#container {
    width:/*@post-width:240=*/ 940px /*@*/;
    background:url("images/bg_footer.gif") repeat-x bottom #fff;    
    border:1px solid #ccc;
    border-bottom:6px solid #ccc;    
    margin:0 auto;
    padding:20px;  
    background-color:#fff;
}
#content {                              /* 사이드바를 왼쪽으로 옮겨보세요 */
    float:left;
    margin-right:20px;    
    width:/*@post-width=*/ 700px /*@*/;
    overflow:hidden;
}
#sidebar {
    float:left;
    width:200px;
    margin-top:10px;
    border:5px solid #eee;
    padding:5px;
    overflow:hidden;    
}
#footer {
    clear:both;
}



/* header */
#header {
    padding: /*@title-height:-43=padding-top:*/ 30px /*@*/ 0 15px 60px;
    /*@title-background-image=background-image:url(images/bg_header.gif);*/ background-image: url("http://cfs.tistory.com/blog/style/template/image/title/4.jpg"); /*@*/
    /*@title-background-image-repeat=background-repeat:no-repeat;*/ background-repeat: repeat; /*@*/
    /*@title-background-image-position=background-position:;*/ background-position: center top; /*@*/
    /*@title-background-color=background-color:;*/ background-color: transparent; /*@*/
}
#header h1{
    margin:0;
    font-size:20px;
    float:left;
}
#header h1 a{
    font-size: /*@title-font-size=*/ 20px /*@*/;
    font-family:/*@title-font-family=*/ dotum /*@*/;
}
#header a{
    color:/*@title-color=*/ #fff /*@*/;     /* 헤더의 배경 이미지에 맞게 블로그 제목을 잘보이는 색으로 바꿔주세요 */
}
#header .sidemenu {
  padding:10px 35px 0 0;
    margin-left:400px;
    text-align:right;
}
#header .sidemenu a{
    padding-left:10px;
}




/* sidebar common*/
#sidebar ul{
    margin:0;
    padding:0;
    list-style:none;    
    }
#sidebar .name {
    font:11px dotum;
    color:#999;
}
#sidebar .date {
    font-size:12px;
    color:#999;    
}    
#sidebar .cnt {
    font :10px Tahoma;
    color:#333;
}
#sidebar h3 {      /* 사이드바의 제목을 바꿔보세요 */
    font:12px Tahoma;
    font-weight:bold;
    background:#eee;
    border-top:1px solid #ccc;
    padding:3px 5px;
    margin:0;
}    
#sidebar a {        /* 사이드바의 링크 색을 바꿔보세요 */
    color:#369;
}    
#sidebar .box {
    padding:8px;
}
/* admin menu */
#sidebar .owner {
    font-size:12px;
    text-align:center;
}
/* blog info (desc, image) */

#sidebar .blogimg {
    width:200px;
    overflow:hidden;
    text-align:center;
}
#sidebar .bloginfo {
    text-align:center;
}
#sidebar .bloginfo img{
    padding:5px;
}
/* notice list */
#sidebar .notice {
    padding:5px 10px;
    background-color:#eeeeee;    /* 사이드바의 공자사항 배경색을 바꿔보세요 */
    margin:5px 0;
}
#sidebar .notice li {
background:url(images/iconNotice.gif) no-repeat 0 50%;
padding-left:38px;
}
#sidebar .notice li a{
    font-size:12px;
    letter-spacing:-1px;
    color:#333;
}
/* search */
#sidebar .search {
    text-align:center;
    padding:5px 0;
}
#sidebar .search input{
    width:130px;
}
#sidebar .search .submit{
    border:1px solid #999;
    background-color:#ddd;
    font:11px Verdana;
    color:#222;
    width:50px;    
}
/* category, category_list*/
#sidebar .category .box li ul li ul li{
    list-style-image:none;
    padding-left:10px;
    margin-left:7px;
    border-left:1px dotted #999;
}
#sidebar .category .box a{
    font-size:12px;
    color:#333;
}
/* tag cloud*/
#sidebar .tagbox ul {
    padding:5px;
    text-align: justify;        
  }
#sidebar .tagbox a {
    letter-spacing:-1px;
    }    
#sidebar .tagbox li .cloud1 {       /* 사이드바의 태그 클라우드 스타일을 바꿔보세요 */
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;
  font-size : 16px;
  color : #f30;
  }
#sidebar .tagbox li .cloud2 {
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;    
  font-size : 15px;
  color : #f60;
  }
#sidebar .tagbox li .cloud3 {
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;    
  font-size : 14px;
  color : #369;
  }
#sidebar .tagbox li .cloud4 {
    background-color:#eee;
  font-size : 13px;
  color : #690;
  }
#sidebar .tagbox li .cloud5 {
  font-size : 12px;
  color : #999;
  }    
#sidebar .tagbox a:hover{
    background-color:#cce5ff;
  color:#000;
  }    
/* recent posts, recent comment, recent trackback, archive, link */
#sidebar .listbox {
    padding:5px 0;
}
#sidebar .listbox ul {
    padding:5px 0;
    margin-left:3px;
}
#sidebar .listbox li {
    background:url(images/bul.gif) no-repeat 0 5px;
    line-height:16px;
    padding-left:8px;
}    
/* counter */
#sidebar .counter {
    background-color:#eee;
    padding:5px 0;
    text-align:center;
    font:10px verdana;
}
#sidebar .ad{
    text-align:center;
    padding:5px 0;
}




/* content common */
#content h2 a{    /* 글 제목의 스타일을 바꿔보세요 */
    font-size:18px;
    padding-top:10px;
    margin:0;
    /*@post-title-color=color:;*/ color: ; /*@*/ /*@post-title-font-family=font-family:;*/ font-family: inherit; /*@*/ /*@post-title-font-size=font-size:;*/ font-size: inherit; /*@*/
}
#content h2 a:hover{    /* post title mouseover*/
    text-decoration:none;
    color:#222;
    background:url(images/iconTitleLink.gif) no-repeat top right;
    padding-right:15px;
}
#content h3 {    /* tag, search, location, guestbook title */
    font-size:14px;
    color:#333;
    margin:10px 0;
    border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;    
    padding-bottom:5px;
}
#content ol, #content ul {
    list-style:none;
    padding:0;        
    margin:0;
}
#content .name {
    font-size:12px;
    color:#666;
    letter-spacing:-1px;
}
#content .cnt {
    font:10px Verdana;
    color:#666;
}
#content .date {
    font:10px Verdana;
    letter-spacing:-1px;    
    color:#666;    
}
#content cite {
    font-size:12px;
    font-style:normal;
    color:#666;
}
/* tag  */
#content .tagcloud ul {
    padding:5px;
    text-align:justify;        
  }
#content .tagcloud li {
    display:inline;
    }        
#content .tagcloud a:hover{
    background-color:#cce5ff;
  color:#000;
  }        
#content .tagcloud li .cloud1 {
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;
  font-size : 16px;
  color : #f30;
  }
#content .tagcloud li .cloud2 {
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;    
  font-size : 15px;
  color : #f60;
  }
#content .tagcloud li .cloud3 {
    background-color:#eee;
    font-weight:bold;    
  font-size : 14px;
  color : #369;
  }
#content .tagcloud li .cloud4 {
    background-color:#eee;
  font-size : 13px;
  color : #690;
  }
#content .tagcloud li .cloud5 {
  font-size : 12px;
  color : #999;
  }    

/* search list, rplist */    
#content .list, .rplist{
    margin-bottom:50px;
}
#content .list .date, .rplist .date{
    padding-right:8px;
}
/* location */
.location .spot {
    padding-left:30px;
    background:url("images/iconIndentArrow_local.gif") no-repeat 10px 2px;
    margin-bottom:3px;
    }    
.location .info {
    padding-left:15px;
    background:url("images/iconIndentArrow_localinfo.gif") no-repeat 0 50%;
    margin-bottom:3px;
    }    
/* guestbook > write */
.guestbook .write {
    margin-bottom:20px;
}
.guestbook .write p{
    padding:2px;
    margin:0;
}
.guestbook .write input{
    border:1px solid #999;
    height:18px;
    width:200px;
}
.guestbook .write .homepage{
    height:18px;
    width:400px;
}
.guestbook .write .submit{
    border:1px solid #aaa;
    background-color:#ddd;
    height:25px;
    width:98%;
    color:#333;
}
.guestbook .write label{
    font:10px Verdana;
}
.guestbook .write textarea{
    width:98%;
    height:150px;
    border:1px solid #aaa;    
    overflow:visible;
}
/* guestbook > list */
.guestbook p{
    padding:5px 0;
    margin:0;
}
.guestbook .list ol li{
    padding:10px 10px 10px 25px;
    background:url("images/iconGuestbook.gif") no-repeat 0 12px;    
}
.guestbook .list li ul li{
    padding-left:30px;
    margin-left:20px;
    background:url("images/iconIndentArrow_local.gif") no-repeat 10px 12px;
    background-color:#f5f5f5;
}
.guestbook .list .name a{
    font-size:12px;
    font-weight:bold;
    color:#666;
    padding-right:12px;
    background:url("images/icon_homepage.gif") no-repeat 0px right;
}
.guestbook .control a{
    font:9px tahoma;
    background:url("images/iconControl.gif") no-repeat center right;    
    padding-right:10px;
    color:#999;
    margin-right:5px;
}
.guestbook .control a:hover{
    background-color:#ddd;
    color:#333;
}
/* entry > notice */
.entry_notice {
    margin-bottom:30px;
    }
.entry_notice .article {
    padding:10px 0;
}    
/* entry > protected  */
.entry_protected {
    border-bottom:1px solid #ddd;
    margin-bottom:15px;
    }
.entry_protected h2 {
    color:#369;
}
.entry_protected input {
    border:1px solid #999;
    font:10px Tahoma;
}
.entry_protected .submit {
    border:1px solid #bbb;
    background-color:#ddd;
}

/* entry article*/
.entry .article {
    padding:10px 0;
    /*@post-body-color=color:;*/ color: ; /*@*/ /*@post-body-font-family=font-family:;*/ font-family: inherit; /*@*/ /*@post-body-font-size=font-size:;*/ font-size: inherit; /*@*/
}
.entry .article blockquote {
    border-left: 7px double #ccc;
    margin: 10px 10px 10px 20px;
    padding-left: 10px;
}    
.entry .article a{
    color:#369;
    border-bottom:1px dotted #999;
}    
#content .entry .article ul{
    padding:10px 30px;
    list-style-type:disc;
}    
#content .entry .article ol{
    padding:10px 30px;
    list-style-type:decimal;
}        
.entry .article a:hover{
    color:#369;
    text-decoration:none;
}    
/* entry top button*/
.entry .btn_top{
    text-align:right;
    margin-top:3px;
    clear:both;    
}
/* entry tag */
.entry .tagbox{
    padding:5px;
}
.entry .tagtext{
    font:9px verdana;
    font-weight:bold;
    background-color:#369;
    color:#fff;
    padding:1px 3px;
    margin-right:8px;
}
/* entry trackback, comment  */
.entry .tbrp_box {
    border-top:1px dotted #ccc;
    border-bottom:1px solid #999;
    padding:7px 8px;
    font:11px verdana;
}
.entry .tbrp_box .cnt{
    font:10px verdana;
    color:#666;
}
/* entry trackback */
.entry .trackback {
    font-family:verdana, dotum;
    background-color:#f5f5f5;
    padding:10px;
    margin-bottom:4px;
}    
.entry .trackback .add {
    margin:5px;
    font:11px Verdana;
    color:#333;
}    
.entry  .trackback li{
    border-top:1px dotted #ccc;
    padding:10px 0;
}
.entry .trackback h4{
    font:12px Verdana;
    font-weight:normal;
    margin:0;
}
/* entry comment */
.entry .comment {
    background-color:#f5f5f5;
    padding:10px;
}    
.entry .comment p{
    margin:0;
}    
.entry .comment ol li{
    padding:15px 10px 0 25px;
    background:url("images/iconGuestbook.gif") no-repeat 0 15px;        
}
.entry .comment li ul li{
    padding:15px 10px 0 25px;
    background:url("images/iconIndentArrow_local.gif") no-repeat 10px 12px;
    background-color:#f5f5f5;
}
.entry .control{
    font:11px dotum;
    color:#999;
    letter-spacing:-1px;
}
.entry .control a{
    font:11px dotum;
    color:#999;
}
.entry .control a:hover{
    background-color:#ddd;
    color:#333;
}
.comment .write {
    margin-bottom:20px;
}
.comment .write p{
    padding:2px;
    margin:0;
}
.comment .write input{
    border:1px solid #999;
    width:150px;
}
.comment .write .homepage{
    width:260px;
}
.comment .write .submit{
    border:1px solid #aaa;
    background-color:#ddd;
    height:25px;
    width:98%;
    color:#333;
}
.comment .write label{
    font:10px Verdana;
}
.comment .write textarea{
    width:98%;
    height:150px;
    border:1px solid #aaa;    
    overflow:visible;
}
.comment .write .checkbox{
    border:none;
    padding:0;
    margin:0;
    width:25px;
    }

/* paging */
.paging{
    padding-top:10px;
    text-align:center;
    font:10px Tahoma;
}

/* footer */
#footer {
    text-align:center;
    padding:50px 10px 10px 10px;
    font:11px Verdana, dotum;
}

http://www.robotstxt.org/

로봇배제 표준이란?

로봇배제 표준이란 구글 등 검색로봇이 정보 수집을 위해 사이트를 방문할 경우를 대비하여, 검색로봇에 의한 웹 사이트의 디렉터리 및 파일들에 대한 검색 조건을 명시해 놓은 국제 규약이다.
정상적인 검색로봇은 사이트 방문 시 가장 먼저 웹사이트의 로봇배제 표준파일(robots.txt)을 확인하고 파일에 명시된 사항을 준수하면서 웹사이트의 컨텐츠를 수집한다.
※ 로봇배제 표준은 방지기술이 아닌 사이트 및 검색로봇 운영자간의 단순한 약속(규약)이므로 악의적인 로봇의 경우 로봇 배제 표준을 무시하고 사이트의 컨텐츠를 수집할 수도 있다.

/robots.txt 파일 내용

1. 홈페이지 전체 내용을 모든 검색엔진에 노출 허용

User-Agent : *
Disallow :

2. 홈페이지 전체 내용을 모든 검색엔진에 노출 방지

User-Agent : *
Disallow : /

3. 홈페이지의 디렉터리가 information인 것에 대한 노출을 방지

User-Agent : *
Disallow : /information/

4. 특정 검색엔진(googlebot)의 접근만을 거부

User-Agent : googlebot
Disallow: /
User-Agent: *
Disallow:

5. 특정 검색엔진(googlebot)의 접근만을 허가

User-Agent : googlebot
Disallow :
User-Agent : *
Disallow: /

6. 모든 검색엔진에 대해 /directory/index.html의 접근을 거부

User-Agent : *
Disallow : /directory/index.html

7. 홈페이지의 디렉터리가 information인 것에 대한 노출을 허가

User-Agent : *
Allow : /information/

8. 홈페이지의 디렉터리 또는 파일명이 information인 것에 대한 접근을 허가

User-Agent : *
Allow : /information

- User-Agent : '*' :모든 User-Agent, 특정 User-Agent 를 지정할 경우 해당 로봇 이름을 입력
- Allow or Disallow
Disallow에서 '/'는 모든 하위 문서에 대한 배제를 의미, 아무것도 쓰지 않으면 허가를 의미
'/...../'는 디렉터리만, '/....' 는 디렉터리+파일이 적용대상

- Meta Tag를 통한 노출방지

<html>
<head>
<title>...</title>
<META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW">
</head>

noindex 면 그 페이지는 긁어가지 않습니다.
nofollow면 링크를 확인해서 긁어가는 것을 건너 뜁니다.

<META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, FOLLOW">
-이 문서는 긁어가지 말고 링크된 문서만 긁어감

<META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="INDEX, NOFOLLOW">
- 이 문서도 긁어가고 링크된 문서도 긁어감

<META NAME="ROBOTS" CONTENT="NOINDEX, NOFOLLOW">
- 이 문서도 긁지 않고, 링크도 무시함

!DOCTYPE 선언은 XHTML문서가 갖추어야 될 필수 Element입니다. XHTML로 DTD 선언을 하지 않으면 그 문서는 XHTML 문서가 아닙니다. 뒤에나오는 XHTML 유효성 검사(XHTML Validation)를 하면 XHTML문서로 인정되지 않습니다. XHTML도 역시 HTML 4.01과 마찬가지로 다음과 같은 3가지 DTD를 선언할 수 있습니다. 아래의 3가지 중에 가장 많이 사용되며, 접근하기 쉬운 DTD는 Transitional mode 가 되겠습니다.

Strict Mode DTD
    * W3C에서 사실상 가장 권장하는 DTD 입니다. Strict 라는 단어의 뜻에서 알 수 있듯이 문법적인 오류를 전혀 허용하지 않는 DTD 선언입니다. 또한 문서를 꾸밀 때 배경색, 글자색 등을 모두 W3C의 CSS를 사용해야 되며, font, basefont 등의 Deprecated로 지정된 HTML Element의 사용 또한 금지됩니다. 예를 들어 글자색을 "red"로 지정하고 싶다면
          o <font color="red">Stric Mode</font> 와 같이 사용하면 안되고
          o <span style="color:red;">Stric Mode</span> 처럼 CSS를 사용해서 글자색을 지정해야 됩니다.
    * 또 한가지의 예로써 문서의 배경색을 'blue'로 지정하려면
          o <body bgcolor="blue">로 사용하면 안되고
          o <body style="background-color:blue;">로 사용해야 됩니다.
    * 사용법
          o <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-stric.dtd">


Transitional Mode DTD
    * Transitional Mode의 경우 XHTML 문법을 지키는 것은 마찬가지 이지만 Deprecated Element의 사용이 허용되며, body Element의 bgcolor, text 등의 Attribute를 사용할 수 있습니다.
    * 사용법
          o <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3c.org/TR/xthml1/DTD/xhtml1-Transitional.dtd">


Frameset Mode DTD
    * frameset Mode의 경우는 이 사이트의 경우처럼 브라우저 창을 2개 이상으로 분할하여 사용하고 싶을 때 Frameset페이지에 선언해 줍니다.
    * 사용법
          o <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//EN" "http://www.w3.cor/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-frameset.dtd">

 
XHTML 문서의 구성
    XHTML은 크게 나누어 아래의 3부분으로 이루어져 있습니다.
        * DOCTYPE 선언부분
        * Head 부분
        * body 부분
    위의 3 부분으로 기본적인 문서의 구조를 만들면 아래와 같습니다.

XHTML의 기본적인 문서 구조
<!DOCTYPE ...>
<html>
    <head>
        <title>... </title>
    </head>
    <body>... </body>
</html>

이중에서 DOCTYPE 선언(DTD 선언)은 항상 문서의 첫 부분에 나오게 되며 한 번 이상 선언할 수 없습니다.
좀 더 구체적인 문서의 예제
    위에서 설명한 DOCTYPE, head, body 의 3부분으로 아래의 간단한 문서를 만들어 보았습니다. 아래의 문서 예제에서는 Stict Mode DTD를 사용하였습니다. 이 DTD 선언 부분만 뺀다면 일반적인 HTML 문서와 같은 구조가 되겠습니다.

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Stric//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html>
    <head>
        <title>간단한 문서의 예제</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p>내용</p>
    </body>
</html>

지금 소개하는 방법은 서버에 txt파일을 CGI프로그램의 도움이 없이도 항상 동적으로 불러서 화면에 출력해주는 Active X의 활용방법입니다. 즉, 웹서버측에 다음과 같은 table_list.txt 파일이 있고, 이를 자동으로 테이블로 구성하여 보여줍니다.

table_list.txt 파일의 구성내용은 아래와 같습니다.

no,성별,이름,나이,주소,전화번호
1,남,홍길동,30,광주광역시 동구,062-444-1111
2,여,유관순,32,전라남도 여수시,061-777-7777
3,남,이순신,45,서울특별시 강남구,02-111-0000
4,여,심청이,23,서울특별시 동작구,011-600-0000
5,남,심봉사,55,경상남도 마산시,016-555-0000
6,남,대통령,77,강원도 춘천시,011-000-0000

NO.	성별	이름	나이	주소	전화번호
1	남	홍길동	30	광주광역시 동구	062-444-1111
2	여	유관순	32	전라남도 여수시	061-777-7777
3	남	이순신	45	서울특별시 강남구	02-111-0000
4	여	심청이	23	서울특별시 동작구	011-600-0000
5	남	심봉사	55	경상남도 마산시	016-555-0000
6	남	대통령	77	강원도 춘천시	011-000-0000

<object classid="clsid:333C7BC4-460F-11D0-BC04-0080C7055A83" width="1" height="1" id="clist" border="0">
<param name="DataURL" value="/SRC/javascript/table_list.txt">
<param name="UseHeader" value="True">
</object>

<center>
<table border=0 cellpadding=3 width=450 cellspacing=1 bgcolor=999999 datasrc="#clist">
<THEAD>
   <tr align=center bgcolor=efefef>
     <td><b>NO.</b></td>
     <td><b>성별</b></td>
     <td><b>이름</b></td>
     <td><b>나이</b></td>
     <td><b>주소</b></td>
     <td><b>전화번호</b></td>
   </tr>
</THEAD>
<TBODY>
   <tr bgcolor=white align=center>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="no"></DIV></td>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="성별"></DIV></td>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="이름"></DIV></td>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="나이"></DIV></td>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="주소"></DIV></td>
     <td><DIV DATAFLD="전화번호"></DIV></td>
   </tr>
</TBODY>
</table>

출처 : http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2007/05/10/70-expert-ideas-for-better-css-coding/

CSS isn’t always easy to deal with. Depending on your skills and your experience, CSS coding can sometimes become a nightmare, particularly if you aren’t sure which selectors are actually being applied to document elements. An easy way to minimize the complexity of the code is as useful as not-so-well-known CSS attributes and properties you can use to create a semantically correct markup.

We’ve taken a close look at some of the most interesting and useful CSS tricks, tips, ideas, methods, techniques and coding solutions and listed them below. We also included some basic techniques you can probably use in every project you are developing, but which are hard to find once you need them.

And what has come out of it is an overview of over 70 expert tips, which can improve your efficiency of CSS coding. You might be willing to check out the list of references and related articles in the end of this post.

• We are going to publish the .pdf-version of this post soon, so subscribe to our RSS-feed to keep track on our next posts.
• You might be interested in reading our article 53 CSS-Techniques You Couldn’t Live Without, which should provide you with a basic toolbox for CSS-based techniques you might use in your next projects.
• Digg this article if you think it’s useful.

We’d like to express sincere thank to all designers who shared their ideas, techniques, methods, knowledge and experience with their readers. Thank you, we, coders, designers, developers, information architects - you name it - really appreciate it.

1.1. Workflow: Getting Started

• After you have a design, start with a blank page of content. “Include your headers, your navigation, a sample of the content, and your footer. Then start adding your html markup. Then start adding your CSS. It works out much better.” [CSSing]
• Reset your CSS-styles first. “You can often eliminate the need to specify a value for a property by taking advantage of that property’s default value. Some people like doing a Global white space reset by zeroing both margin and padding for all elements at the top of their stylesheets. Eric Meyer’s Global Reset, Christian Montoya’s initial CSS file, Mike Rundle’s initial CSS file, Ping Mag’s initial CSS file. [Roger Johansson]
• Use a master stylesheet. “One of the most common mistakes I see beginners and intermediates fall victim to when it comes to CSS is not removing the default browser styling. This leads to inconsistencies in the appearance of your design across browsers, and ultimately leaves a lot of designers blaming the browser. It is a misplaced blame, of course. Before you do anything else when coding a website, you should reset the styling.” [Master Stylesheet: The Most Useful CSS Technique], [Ryan Parr]

1. master.css
2. @import url("reset.css");
3. @import url("global.css");
4. @import url("flash.css");
5. @import url("structure.css");

1. <style type="text/css" media="Screen">
2. /*\*/@import url("css/master.css");/**/
3. </style>

• Keep a library of helpful CSS classes. Useful for debugging, but should be avoided in the release version (separate markup and presentation). Since you can use multiple class names (i.e. <p class="floatLeft alignLeft width75">...</p>), make use of them debugging your markup. (updated) [Richard K. Miller]

1. CSS:
2. .width100 { width: 100%; }
3. .width75 { width: 75%; }
4. .width50 { width: 50%; }
5. .floatLeft { float: left; }
6. .floatRight { float: right; }
7. .alignLeft { text-align: left; }
8. .alignRight { text-align: right; }

1.2. Organize your CSS-code

• Organize your CSS-styles, using master style sheets. “Organizing your CSS helps with future maintainability of the site. Start with a master style sheet. Within this style sheet import your reset.css, global.css, flash.css (if needed) and structure.css and on occasion a typography style sheet. Here is an example of a “master” style sheet and how it is embedded in the document:”

1. h2 { }
2. #snapshot_box h2 {
3. padding: 0 0 6px 0;
4. font: bold 14px/14px "Verdana", sans-serif; }
5. #main_side h2 {
6. color: #444;
7. font: bold 14px/14px "Verdana", sans-serif; }
8. .sidetagselection h2 {
9. color: #fff;
10. font: bold 14px/14px "Verdana", sans-serif; }

• Organize your CSS-styles, using flags. “Divide your stylesheet into specific sections: i.e. Global Styles – (body, paragraphs, lists, etc), Header, Page Structure, Headings, Text Styles, Navigation, Forms, Comments, Extras. [5 Tips for Organizing Your CSS]

1. /* -----------------------------------*/
2. /* ---------->>> GLOBAL <<<-----------*/
3. /* -----------------------------------*/

• Organize your CSS-styles, making a table of contents. At the top of your CSS document, write out a table of contents. For example, you could outline the different areas that your CSS document is styling (header, main, footer etc). Then, use a large, obvious section break to separate the areas. [5 Steps to CSS Heaven]
• Organize your CSS-styles, ordering properties alphabetically. “I don’t know where I got the idea, but I have been alphabetizing my CSS properties for months now, and believe it or not, it makes specific properties much easier to find.” [Christian Montoya]

1. body {
2. background:#fdfdfd;
3. color:#333;
4. font-size:1em;
5. line-height:1.4;
6. margin:0;
7. padding:0;
8. }

• Separate code into blocks.. “This might be common sense to some of you but sometimes I look at CSS and it’s not broken down into “sections.” It’s easy to do an it makes working with code weeks, months, or years later much easier. You’ll have an easier time finding classes and elements that you need to change. Examples: /* Structure */, /* Typography */ etc.” [CSS Tips and Tricks]
• Hook, line, and sinker. Once you have your CSS and sections in place start considering where your selector “hooks” will live by using structural hooks in your mark up. This is your saving grace for future editing and maintenance of the site. This will also give you strength in your document.” [Ryan Parr]
• Break your style sheet in separate blocks. “I break down my style sheet into three separate blocks. The first is straight element declarations. Change the body, some links styles, some header styles, reset margins and padding on forms, and so on. […] After element declarations, I have my class declarations; things like classes for an error message or a callout would go here. [..] I start by declaring my main containers and then any styles for elements within those containers are indented. At a quick glance, I can see how my page is broken down and makes it easier to know where to look for things. I’ll also declare containers even if they don’t have any rules.” [Jonathan Snook]

1.3. Workflow: Handling IDs, Classes, Selectors, Properties

• Keep containers to a minimum. “Save your document from structural bloat. New developers will use many div’s similar to table cells to achieve layout. Take advantage of the many structural elements to achieve layout. Do not add more div’s. Consider all options before adding additional wrappers (div’s) to achieve an effect when using a little nifty CSS can get you that same desired effect.” [Ryan Parr]
• Keep properties to a minimum. “Work smarter, not harder with CSS. Under this rule, there are a number of subrules: if there isn’t a point to adding a CSS property, don’t add it; if you’re not sure why you’re adding a CSS property, don’t add; and if you feel like you’ve added the same property in lots of places, figure out how to add it in only one place.” [CSSing]
• Keep selectors to a minimum. “Avoid unnecessary selectors. Using less selectors will mean less selectors will be needed to override any particular style — that means it’s easier to troubleshoot.” [Jonathan Snook]
• Keep CSS hacks to a minimum. “Don’t use hacks unless its a known and documented bug. This is an important point as I too often see hacks employed to fix things that aren’t really broken in the first place. If you find that you are looking for a hack to fix a certain issue in your design then first do some research (Google is your friend here) and try to identify the issue you are having problems with. [10 Quick Tips for an easier CSS life]
• Use CSS Constants for faster development. “The concept of constants – fixed values that can be used through your code [is useful]. [..] One way to get round the lack of constants in CSS is to create some definitions at the top of your CSS file in comments, to define ‘constants’. A common use for this is to create a ‘color glossary’. This means that you have a quick reference to the colors used in the site to avoid using alternates by mistake and, if you need to change the colors, you have a quick list to go down and do a search and replace.” [Rachel Andrew]

1. # /*
2. # Dark grey (text): #333333
3. # Dark Blue (headings, links) #000066
4. # Mid Blue (header) #333399
5. # Light blue (top navigation) #CCCCFF
6. # Mid grey: #666666
7. # */

• Use a common naming system. Having a naming system for id’s and classes saves you a lot of time when looking for bugs, or updating your document. Especially in large CSS documents, things can get a big confusing quickly if your names are all different. I recommend using a parent_child pattern. [10 CSS Tips]
• Name your classes and IDs properly, according to their semantics. “We want to avoid names that imply presentational aspects. Otherwise, if we name something right-col, it’s entirely possible that the CSS would change and our “right-col” would end up actually being displayed on the left side of our page. That could lead to some confusion in the future, so it’s best that we avoid these types of presentational naming schemes. [Garrett Dimon]
• Group selectors with common attributes. “Group selectors. When several element types, classes, or id:s share some properties, you can group the selectors to avoid specifying the same properties several times. This will save space – potentially lots of it.” [Roger Johansson]
• Isolate single properties that you are likely to reuse a lot. “If you find yourself using a single property a lot, isolate it to save yourself repeating it over and over again and also enabling you to change the display of all parts of the site that use it.” [5 Steps to CSS Heaven]
• Move ids and class naming as far up the document tree as you can. Leverage contextual selectors as much as possible. Don’t be afraid to be verbose in your selectors. Longer selectors can make css documents easier to read while also cutting down the chances of developing class- or divitis. [Chric Casciano]
• Learn to exploit the cascading nature of CSS. “Say you have two similar boxes on your website with only minor differences - you could write out CSS to style each box, or you could write CSS to style both at the same time, then add extra properties below to make one look different.” [5 Steps to CSS heaven]
• Use Your Utility Tags: <small>, <em> and <strong>. “Many times you’ll have a section in your design that calls for various typographical weights/looks all on the same line, or very close to each other. drop in random divs and classes because I feel they’re not semantic and defeat the purpose of your nice XHTML everywhere else.” Instead, use semantic tags. [Mike Rundle’s 5 CSS Tips]

1.4. Workflow: Use shorthand notation

• Shorten hexadecimal colour notation. “In CSS, when you use hexadecimal colour notation and a colour is made up of three pairs of hexadecimal digits, you can write it in a more efficient way by omitting every second digit: #000 is the same as #000000, #369 is the same as #336699 [Roger Johansson]
• Define pseudo classes for links in the LoVe/HAte-order: Link, Visited, Hover, Active. “To ensure that you see your various link styles, you’re best off putting your styles in the order “link-visited-hover-active”, or “LVHA” for short. If you’re concerned about focus styles, they may go at the end– but wait until you’ve read this explanation before you decide.” [Eric Meyer]

1. a:link { color: blue; }
2. a:visited { color: purple; }
3. a:hover { color: purple; }
4. a:active { color: red; }

• Define element’s margin, padding or border in TRouBLed-order: Top, Right, Bottom, Left. “When using shorthand to specify an element’s margin, padding or border, do it clockwise from the top: Top, Right, Bottom, Left.” [Roger Johansson]
• You can use shorthand properties.
  “Using shorthand for margin, padding and bottom properties can save a lot of space.

1. CSS:
2. margin: top right bottom left;
3. margin:1em 0 2em 0.5em;
4. (margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: 0.5em;)

1. CSS:
2. border:width style color;
3. border:1px solid #000;

1. CSS:
2. background: color image repeat attachment position;
3. background:#f00 url(background.gif) no-repeat fixed 0 0;

1. CSS:
2. font: font-style (italic/normal) font-variant (small-caps) font-weight font-size/line-height font-family;
3. font: italic small-caps bold 1em/140% "Lucida Grande",sans-serif;

1.5. Workflow: Setting Up Typography

• To work with EMs like with pxs, set font-size on the body-tag with 62.5%. Default-value of the font-size is 16px; applying the rule, you’ll get one Em standing for roughly ten pixels (16 x 62.5% = 10). “I tend to put a font-size on the body tag with value: 62.5%. This allows you to use EMs to specify sizes while thinking in PX terms, e.g. 1.3em is approximately 1.3px. ” [Jonathan Snook]
• Use universal character set for encoding. “[..] The answer is to use a single universal character set that’s able to cover most eventualities. Luckily one exists: UTF-8, which is based on Unicode. Unicode is an industry standard that’s designed to enable text and symbols from all languages to be consistently represented and manipulated by computers. UTF- 8 should be included in your web page’s head like this. [20 pro tips]

1. <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/ html;charset=utf-8" />

• You can change capitalisation using CSS. If you need something written in capitals, such as a headline, rather than rewriting the copy, let CSS do the donkey work. The following code will transform all text with an h1 attribute into all capitals, regardless of format”. [20 pro tips]

1. h1 {
2. text-transform: uppercase;
3. }

• You can display text in small-caps automatically. The font-variant property is used to display text in a small-caps font, which means that all the lower case letters are converted to uppercase letters, but all the letters in the small-caps font have a smaller font-size compared to the rest of the text.

1. h1 {
2. font-variant: small-caps;
3. }

• Cover all the bases - define generic font-families. “When we declare a specific font to be used within our design, we are doing so in the hope that the user will have that font installed on their system. If they don’t have the font on their system, then they won’t see it, simple as that. What we need to do is reference fonts that the user will likely have on their machine, such as the ones in the font-family property below. It is important that we finish the list with a generic font type. [Getting into good coding habits]

1. p {
2. font-family: Arial, Verdana, Helvetica, sans-serif;
3. }

• Use 1.4em - 1.6em for line-height. “line-height:1.4” for readable lines, reasonable line-lengths that avoid lines much longer than 10 words, and colors that provide contrast without being too far apart. For example, pure black on pure white is often too strong for bright CRT displays, so I try to go with an off-white (#fafafa is a good one) and a dark gray (#333333, another good one).” [Christian Montoya]
• Set 100.01% for the html-element. This odd 100.01% value for the font size compensates for several browser bugs. First, setting a default body font size in percent (instead of em) eliminates an IE/Win problem with growing or shrinking fonts out of proportion if they are later set in ems in other elements. Additionally, some versions of Opera will draw a default font-size of 100% too small compared to other browsers. Safari, on the other hand, has a problem with a font-size of 101%. The current “best” suggestion is to use the 100.01% value for this property.” [CSS: Getting into good habits]

1.6. Workflow: Debugging

• Add borders to identify containers. “Use plenty of test styles like extra borders or background colors when building your documents or debugging layout issues. div { border:1px red dashed; } works like a charm. There are also bookmarklets that apply borders and do other things for you.” You can also use * { border: 1px solid #ff0000; }. [Chric Casciano]. Adding a border to specific elements can help identify overlap and extra white space that might not otherwise be obvious. [CSS Crib Sheet]

1. * { border: 1px solid #f00; }

• Check for closed elements first when debugging. “If you ever get frustrated because it seemed like you changed one minor thing, only to have your beautiful holy-grail layout break, it might be because of an unclosed element. [10 CSS Tips]

2.1. Technical Tips: IDs, Classes

• 1 ID per page, many classes per page. “Check your IDs: Only one element in a document can have a certain value for the id attribute, while any number of elements can share the same class name. [..] Class and id names can only consist of the characters [A-Za-z0-9] and hyphen (-), and they cannot start with a hyphen or a digit (see CSS2 syntax and basic data types).” [Roger Johansson]
• Element names in selectors are case sensitive. “Remember case sensitivity. When CSS is used with XHTML, element names in selectors are case sensitive. To avoid getting caught by this I recommend always using lowercase for element names in CSS selectors. Values of the class and id attributes are case sensitive in both HTML and XHTML, so avoid mixed case for class and id names.” [Roger Johansson]
• CSS classes and IDs must be valid. “I.e. beginning with a letter, not a number or an underscore. IDs must be unique. Their names should be generic, describe functionality rather than appearance.” [CSS Best Practices]
• You can assign multiple class names to a given element. “You can assign multiple class names to an element. This allows you to write several rules that define different properties, and only apply them as needed.” [Roger Johansson]

2.2. Technical Tips: Use the power of selectors

Roger Johansson has written an extremely useful series of articles about CSS 2.1 Selectors. These articles are highly recommended to read - some useful aspects can be found in the list below.

• You can use child selectors. “A child selector targets an immediate child of a certain element. A child selector consists of two or more selectors separated by a greater than sign, “>”. The parent goes to the left of the “>”, and whitespace is allowed around the combinator. This rule will affect all strong elements that are children of a div element. [Roger Johansson]

1. div > strong { color:#f00; }

• You can use adjacent sibling selectors. An adjacent sibling selector is made up of two simple selectors separated by a plus sign, “+”. Whitespace is allowed around the adjacent sibling combinator. The selector matches an element which is the next sibling to the first element. The elements must have the same parent and the first element must immediately precede the second element. [Roger Johansson]

1. p + p { color:#f00; }

• You can use attribute selectors. Attribute selectors match elements based on the presence or value of attributes. There are four ways for an attribute selector to match:

1. [att]
2. Matches elements that have an att attribute, regardless of its value.
3. [att=val]
4. Matches elements that have an att attribute with a value of exactly “val”.
5. [att~=val]
6. Matches elements whose att attribute value is a space-separated list that contains “val”. In this case “val” cannot contain spaces.
7. [att|=val]
8. Matches elements whose att attribute value is a hyphen-separated list that begins with “val”. The main use for this is to match language subcodes specified by the lang attribute (xml:lang in XHTML), e.g. “en”, “en-us”, “en-gb”, etc.
9. 
   

• The selector in the following rule matches all p elements that have a title attribute, regardless of which value it has:

1. p[title] { color:#f00; }

• The selector matches all div elements that have a class attribute with the value error:

1. div[class=error] { color:#f00; }

• Multiple attribute selectors can be used in the same selector. This makes it possible to match against several different attributes for the same element. The following rule would apply to all blockquote elements that have a class attribute whose value is exactly “quote”, and a cite attribute (regardless of its value):

1. blockquote[class=quote][cite] { color:#f00; }

• You should use descendant selectors. “Descendant selectors can help you eliminate many class attributes from your markup and make your CSS selectors much more efficient. ” [Roger Johansson]

2.3. Technical Tips: Styling Links

• Be careful when styling links if you’re using anchors. “If you use a classic anchor in your code (<a name="anchor">) you’ll notice it picks up :hover and :active pseudo-classes. To avoid this, you’ll need to either use id for anchors instead, or style with a slightly more arcane syntax: :link:hover, :link:active” [Dave Shea]
• Define relationships for links. “The rel attribute is supposed to indicate a semantic link relationship from one resource to another.

1. a[rel~="nofollow"]::after {
2. content: "\2620";
3. color: #933;
4. font-size: x-small;
5. }
6. a[rel~="tag"]::after {
7. content: url(http://www.technorati.com/favicon.ico);
8. }

• “These make use of the attribute selector for space separated lists of values. Any a element with a relationship containing those values will be matched. Links with the nofollow relationship will be followed by a dark red skull and crossbones (?) and those with the tag relationship will be followed by the Technocrati icon.” [Handy CSS]
• You can mark external links automatically. Many people make use of the non-standard rel="external" relationship to indicate a link to an external site. However, adding that to each and every link is time consuming and and unnecessary. This style rule will place an north east arrow after any link on your site to an external site. [Handy CSS]

1. a[href^="http://"]:not([href*="smashingmagazine.com"])::after {
2. content: "\2197";
3. }

• You can remove dotted links with outline: none;. To remove dotted links use outline: none;

1. a:focus {
2. outline: none;
3. }

2.4. Technical Tips: CSS-Techniques

• You can specify body tag ID. “In most cases placing an ID in the body tag will allow you manipulate CSS presentational items and markup elements by page by page basis. Not only will you be able to organize your sections you will be able to create multiple CSS presentations without changing your markup from template to template or page to page.” [Ryan Parr, Invasion of Body Switchers]
• You can create columns with equal heights with CSS. Equal Height Technique: a method to make all columns appear to be the same height. But without the need for faux column style background images. Faux Columns: with background images.
• You can align vertically with CSS. “Say you have a navigation menu item whose height is assigned 2em. Solution: specify the line height to be the same as the height of the box itself in the CSS. In this instance, the box is 2em high, so we would insert line-height: 2em into the CSS rule and the text now floats in the middle of the box!” [Evolt.org]
• You can use pseudo-elements and classes to generate content dynamically. Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements. Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements can be used to format elements based on information that is not available in the document tree. For example, there is no element that refers to the first line of a paragraph or the first letter of an element’s text content. You can use :first-child, :hover, :active, :focus, :first-line, :first-letter, :before, :after and more.
• You can set <hr> to separate posts beautifully. “Restyling the horizontal rule (<hr>) with an image can be a beautiful addition to a web page. [CSS: Best Practices]
• You can use the same navigation (X)HTML-code on every page. “Most websites highlight the navigation item of the user’s location in the website. But it can be a pain as you’ll need to tweak the HTML code behind the navigation for each and every page. So can we have the best of both worlds?” [Ten More CSS Tricks you may not know]

1. XHTML:
2. <ul>
3. <li><a href="#" class="home">Home</a></li>
4. <li><a href="#" class="about">About us</a></li>
5. <li><a href="#" class="contact">Contact us</a></li>
6. </ul>

• Insert an id into the <body> tag. The id should be representative of where users are in the site and should change when users move to a different site section.

1. CSS:
2. #home .home, #about .about, #contact .contact
3. {
4. commands for highlighted navigation go here
5. }

• You can use margin: 0 auto; to horizontally centre the layout. “To horizontally centre an element with CSS, you need to specify the element’s width and horizontal margins.” [Roger Johansson]

1. XHTML:
2. <div id="wrap">
3. <!-- Your layout goes here -->
4. </div>

1. CSS:
2. #wrap {
3. width:760px; /* Change this to the width of your layout */
4. margin:0 auto;
5. }

• You can add CSS-styling to RSS-feeds. “You can do a lot more with an XSL stylesheet (turn links into clickable links, etc), but CSS can make your feed look much less scary for the non-technical crowd. [Pete Freitag]

1. <?xml version="1.0" ?>
2. <?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="http://you.com/rss.css" ?>
3. ...

• You can hide CSS from older browsers. “A common way of hiding CSS files from old browsers is to use the @import trick. [Roger Johansson]

1. @import "main.css";

• Always declare margin and padding in block-level elements. [10 CSS Tips]
• Set a width OR margin and padding. “My rule of thumb is, if I set a width, I don’t set margin or padding. Likewise, if I’m setting a margin or padding, I don’t set a width. Dealing with the box model can be such a pain, especially if you’re dealing with percentages. Therefore, I set the width on the containers and then set margin and padding on the elements within them. Everything usually turns out swimmingly.” [Jonathan Snook]
• Avoid applying padding/borders and a fixed width to an element. “IE5 gets the box model wrong, which really makes a mess of things. There are ways around this, but it’s best to side-step the issue by applying the padding to the parent element instead of the child that gets a fixed-width. [CSS Crib Sheet]
• Provide print styles. “You can add a print stylesheet in exactly the same way that you would add a regular stylesheet to your page:

1. <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print">
2. or
3. <style type="text/css" media="print"> @import url(print.css); </style>

• This ensures that the CSS will only apply to printed output and not affect how the page looks on screen. With your new printed stylesheet you can ensure you have solid black text on a white background and remove extraneous features to maximise readability. More about CSS-based print-Layouts. [20 pro tips]

2.5. Technical Tips: IE Tweaks

• You can force IE to apply transparence to PNGs. “In theory, PNG files do support varied levels of transparency; however, an Internet Explorer 6 bug prevents this from working cross-browser.” [CSS Tips, Outer-Court.com]

1. #regular_logo
2. {
3. background:url('test.png'); width:150px; height:55px;
4. }
5. /* \ */
6. * html #regular_logo
7. {
8. background:none;
9. float:left;
10. width:150px;
11. filter:progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.AlphaImageLoader(src='test.png', sizingMethod='scale');
12. }
13. /* */

• You can define min-width and max-width in IE. You can use Microsoft’s dynamic expressions to do that. [Ten More CSS Trick you may not know]

1. #container
2. {
3. min-width: 600px;
4. max-width: 1200px;
5. width:expression(document.body.clientWidth < 600? "600px" : document.body.clientWidth > 1200? "1200px" : "auto");
6. }

• You can use Conditional Comments for IE. “The safest way of taking care of IE/Win is to use conditional comments. It feels more future-proof than CSS hacks – is to use Microsoft’s proprietary conditional comments. You can use this to give IE/Win a separate stylesheet that contains all the rules that are needed to make it behave properly. ” [Roger Johansson]

1. <!--[if IE]>
2. <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="ie.css" />
3. <![endif]-->

Workflow: Get Inspired

• Play, experiment with CSS. “Play. Play with background images. Play with floats.” [Play with positive and negative margins. Play with inheritance and cascading rules. Play. [Chric Casciano]
• Learn from others. Learn from great sites built by others. Any site’s HTML is easily accessible by viewing a page’s source code. See how others have done things and apply their methods to your own work.
  [20 pro tips]

Sources and Related Posts

• CSS Tips and Tricks by Roger Johansson
• (The Only) Ten Things To Know About CSS by John Manoogian
• CSS Crib Sheet by Dave Shea
• My Top Ten CSS Tricks [CSS Tutorials] by Trenton Moss
• CSS Tips by Philipp Lenssen
• Top CSS Tips by Jonathan Snook
• Ten CSS tricks — corrected and improved by Tantek Çelik
• Ten More CSS Trick you may now know by Trenton Moss
• CSS techniques I use all the time by Christian Montoya
• CSS Tip Flags by Douglas Bowman
• My 5 CSS Tips by Mike Rundle
• 5 Steps to CSS Heaven by Ping Mag
• Handy CSS by Lachlan Hunt
• Erratic Wisdom: 5 Tips for Organizing Your CSS by Thame Fadial
• 15 CSS Properties You Probably Never Use (but perhaps should) by SeoMoz
• 10 CSS Tips You Might Not Have Known About by Christopher Scott
• A List Apart: Articles: 12 Lessons for Those Afraid of CSS and Standards by Ben Henick
• Tips for a better design review process by D. Keith Robinson
• 20 pro tips - .net magazine by Jason Arber
• CSS Best Practices by Richard K Miller
• 10 Quick Tips for an Easier CSS Life by Paul Ob
• 10 CSS Tips from a Professional CSS Front-End Architect by 72 DPI in the shade team blog
• Web Design References: Cascading Style Sheets by Laura Carlson
• Getting Into Good Coding Habits by Adrian Senior